Saturday, November 30, 2019
What kind of event marketing might a wholesaler use to promote business Essay Example
What kind of event marketing might a wholesaler use to promote business? Essay A wholesaler can adopt a range of marketing tactics to promote its services. Event marketing is an especially useful idea to exploit market opportunity. Event marketing involves a list of activities that enhance brand visibility and brand identification for target consumers (in this case select retailers). Event marketing by wholesalers is usually a ââ¬Ëpushââ¬â¢ tactic, as awareness about products and services is brought to retailers, who in turn procure and promote it to end consumers. Wholesalers usually do not expend resources on promotion of their goods and services, yet, tactical event marketing can fetch impressive rewards. One of the key elements to successful event marketing is to offer customers an ââ¬Ëexperienceââ¬â¢ of the product/service. This is done through live demonstrations, audio/visual presentations, distributing samples and offering free trials. Wholesalers could also regroup products (bulk-breaking) so as to provide quantity and assortment customers need. It also makes business sense to anticipate customersââ¬â¢ needs and buy goods in advance ââ¬â although this involves an element of risk. By offering to carry products in their own inventories, wholesalers can reduce their customersââ¬â¢ inventory costs. And finally, wholesalers can successfully market by punctual delivery of goods/services and offering credit. We will write a custom essay sample on What kind of event marketing might a wholesaler use to promote business? specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on What kind of event marketing might a wholesaler use to promote business? specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on What kind of event marketing might a wholesaler use to promote business? specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer Similarly, by showcasing their expertise through the event marketing tactic, wholesalers can attract new producers. By offering to purchase producerââ¬â¢s output before it reaches the end consumer, the wholesaler can help reduce costs for the former. Hence event marketing is a potent tool that wholesalers can employ to attract new retailers as well as new producers. Paulo Friereââ¬â¢s article titled ââ¬ËPedagogy of the Oppressedââ¬â¢ is provocative yet truthful in its observations. Contrary to comforting conventional views on mainstream education systems, Friere presents a new perspective on the subject. He views the teacher-pupil equations in these systems as rather oppressive, as it reinforces misconceptions about knowledge and expertise. More controversially, Friere demystifies the notion of the ââ¬Ëomniscientââ¬â¢ teacher and his/her authority over the ââ¬Ëignorantââ¬â¢ pupil. In this ââ¬Ëbanking concept of educationââ¬â¢ students are seen as ââ¬Å"adaptable, manageable beings. The more students work at storing the deposits entrusted to them, the less they develop the critical consciousness which would result from their intervention in the world as transformers of that world.â⬠(Friere, 1997, p.54) Under this system not only is there a supposed knowledge asymmetry between the teacher and the pupil, but t he former also holds professional authority that is not always grounded on merit. Moreover, this banking education minimizes or annuls the studentsââ¬â¢ creative energies so as to serve the interests of the oppressors, whose primary motive is not progress or critical inquiry. To the contrary, under the humanitarian veil of the educators lies their intention to perpetuate the status quo. Maxine Greeneââ¬â¢s article titled Teaching for Social Justice is similar in tenor to that of Paulo Freireââ¬â¢s. The history of human societies is full of instances of the privileged few (the oppressors) dominating the majority rest through explicit and implicit means. Where brute force proved unviable, sophisticated indoctrination through education ensured domination. Further, ââ¬Å"the privileged few were the ones with the opportunities to map and dominate the linguistic universe. The imbalance, the undeserved advantages in that domain as well as in the socioeconomic and political worlds is evidences of the most glaring social injustice.â⬠(Greene, 1988 p.29) It is in this context that an educational system be devised, whose end is to ensure that each citizen is at the least entitled to develop and build his/her ââ¬Å"intellectual, social, emotional, and expressive capacitiesâ⬠. (Greene, 1988, p.29) Consistent with the arguments made by Paulo Freire, Marine G reene too advocates a new way of looking at our educational institutions and their underlying motives. Contrary to what the system produces, she espouses Teaching for Social Justice. Here, teaching is to project ââ¬Å"what we believe ought to be ââ¬â not merely where moral frameworks are concerned, but in material arrangements for people in all spheres of society. Moreover, teaching for social justice is teaching for the sake of arousing the kinds of vivid, reflective, experiential responses that might move students to come together in serious efforts to understand what social justice actually means and what it might demand.â⬠(Greene, 1988, p.30) Kliewerââ¬â¢s article focusing on the special needs of Down syndrome children is also of a similar vein to the other two articles. The author feels that current understanding of this health condition and schooling possibilities for children afflicted with it is quite limited. (Kliewer, 1988) And hence educators should be more open and inclusive of children of different capabilities as they draw up their curricula. In essence, there is much convergence in the content and thrust of the three articles as they express their concern about mainstream education today. After having read these three articles and based on my own educational experience in childhood, I am mostly in agreement with the views expressed by Freire, Greene and Kliewer. Formal education is something most children in our country have the privilege of attending. To its credit, the education system in the United States has extended literacy and math skills to several generations of students. As a result, the country overall has become more educated. The percentage of young adults passing high-school has increased steadily; and so has the number of graduates, post-graduates and doctoral students. Yet, when we look at what kind of products children turn out to be at the end of this process, the results are not satisfactory. When we look at how far formal education serves to ââ¬Ëenlightenââ¬â¢ young minds, the answer is disappointing. When we look at young adultsââ¬â¢ ability to make informed choices about what they consume or their ability to act as responsible citi zens of a democratic country, etc., we find plenty of inadequacies. These aspects of the education system make me uneasy. As opposed to imparting necessary cognitive tools for young people to think for themselves and act as they see merit, the present system indoctrinates them to become obedient automatons in the corporate world. This is reflected in the fact that student intake in disciplines under Humanities (including that of Education/Instructional Design courses) has decreased over the years and technical/vocational courses have become preferred choices due to lucrative career paths they offer.
Monday, November 25, 2019
Free Essays on No More On Route 54
No More on Route 54 Route 54 has been referred to by various agencies as ââ¬Å"The deadliest highway in San Diego Countyâ⬠. This stretch of freeway, which follows the Sweetwater River from I-5 to Spring Valley, has claimed the lives of nine adolescent drivers and passengers in the past year alone, especially in a small area near Sweetwater Road. Despite the tragic loss of life in these accidents, the public is largely unaware of the dangers of this road, and I myself was personally unaware of it until an accident on Route 54 took the life of someone close to me. On the evening of March 5th, 18-year old Damien LaFrancis of Chula Vista was driving three friends in a 1989 Dodge Colt when a road rage incident with another driver caused him to swerve into the path of a Ford F250. Damien and two of his passengers were killed in the collision and the sole survivor, 16-year old Harmony Kielty of Chula Vista, is lucky to be alive. The pain that Harmony has endured since then is something that no person should have to suffer through, and that is why I call for ââ¬Å"No More on Route 54.â⬠In order to prevent any more people from losing their lives on this road, the community must work together with the media and police forces to spread awareness of the dangers of Route 54 and alleviate their effects. In order to lessen the dangers caused by speeding and reckless driving on Route 54, local police and Highway Patrol forces must crack down on these actions. Driverââ¬â¢s speeds should be monitored both by ground-based checkpoints and by airplane, and cameras installed to capture the license plate numbers of offenders. Signs should be posted at on-ramps to warn drivers of the new precautions and to inform them of the fines for speeding or reckless driving. The media should be made aware of the new program too ensure that everyone who lives in the area and uses Route 54 is aware of the dangers involved and the steps being taken. The local media must a... Free Essays on No More On Route 54 Free Essays on No More On Route 54 No More on Route 54 Route 54 has been referred to by various agencies as ââ¬Å"The deadliest highway in San Diego Countyâ⬠. This stretch of freeway, which follows the Sweetwater River from I-5 to Spring Valley, has claimed the lives of nine adolescent drivers and passengers in the past year alone, especially in a small area near Sweetwater Road. Despite the tragic loss of life in these accidents, the public is largely unaware of the dangers of this road, and I myself was personally unaware of it until an accident on Route 54 took the life of someone close to me. On the evening of March 5th, 18-year old Damien LaFrancis of Chula Vista was driving three friends in a 1989 Dodge Colt when a road rage incident with another driver caused him to swerve into the path of a Ford F250. Damien and two of his passengers were killed in the collision and the sole survivor, 16-year old Harmony Kielty of Chula Vista, is lucky to be alive. The pain that Harmony has endured since then is something that no person should have to suffer through, and that is why I call for ââ¬Å"No More on Route 54.â⬠In order to prevent any more people from losing their lives on this road, the community must work together with the media and police forces to spread awareness of the dangers of Route 54 and alleviate their effects. In order to lessen the dangers caused by speeding and reckless driving on Route 54, local police and Highway Patrol forces must crack down on these actions. Driverââ¬â¢s speeds should be monitored both by ground-based checkpoints and by airplane, and cameras installed to capture the license plate numbers of offenders. Signs should be posted at on-ramps to warn drivers of the new precautions and to inform them of the fines for speeding or reckless driving. The media should be made aware of the new program too ensure that everyone who lives in the area and uses Route 54 is aware of the dangers involved and the steps being taken. The local media must a...
Friday, November 22, 2019
Blake Coleridge Swift Essay Research Paper The
Blake, Coleridge, Swift Essay, Research PaperThe Symbolism of ChristWilliam Blake, Samuel Taylor Coleridge, and Jonathan Swift were really different writes but are bound by basic Christian beliefs. In their Hagiographas there are strong mentions to Christ and symbolic images of Him. Blake writes # 8220 ; The Lamb # 8221 ; as a symbolic representative of Christ. Coleridge uses many signifier of spiritual symbolism in his verse form # 8220 ; The Rhime of the Ancient Mariner # 8221 ; , but the thing that stands out the most is how the millstone represents Christ. Swift writes in # 8220 ; Gulliver # 8217 ; s Travels # 8221 ; , of a adult male named Pedro de Mendez who is a savior to Gulliver. These three writers show us how Christian positions and Jesus are a portion of life non merely in the Bible but besides in current society. Blake uses our inquiries about religion to stress the importance of Christ in our lives.Blake emphasizes the connexion of which the kid is of course cogn izant, when he writes, # 8220 ; I, a kid, and thou a lamb, We are called by his name # 8221 ; ( p.1289 ) . The tone, nevertheless, is the echt simpleness of a kid # 8217 ; s address. The first poetry is a series of inquiries addressed to the lamb,which represents Jesus. The 2nd stanza begins with the kid being able to reply those inquiries. Blake writes, # 8220 ; Little Lamb, I # 8217 ; ll state thee # 8221 ; ( p.1289 ) . Meaning that the kid understands Christ being the Jesus. These inquiries are asked strictly for the satisfaction that it gives the kid in replying and to demo the kid # 8217 ; s apprehension of God. Blake shows Christ in a manner that is guiltless like the kid. Blake writes this verse form utilizing the illustration of the lamb found in nature to stand for Christ and uses the kid to stand for adult male seeking to understand God. Blake uses the lamb to stand for Christ in nature in the same manner that Coleridge uses the millstone to stand for Christ in natu re.Coleridge uses spiritual and natural symbolism, which correspond with one another and play the most of import functions in this verse form. Although there are many different readings of this verse form, one thought that has remained common throughout the verse form is that of the spiritual symbolism nowadays. Particularly that of Christ and his ability to salvage, which was present throughout this verse form. The symbolism is that of the millstone. The millstone saves the Mariner for bad conditions and keeps the crewmans ingood wellness merely as Christ healed and kept His people from evil. Coleridge writes that a spirit similar to God, # 8220 ; loved the bird that loved the adult male who shot him with his bow # 8221 ; ( p.1498 ) . Those lines are an analogy with God who loved his boy who loved the m en that killed Him. The Mariner is shown as the people how turned from Christ and killed Him even though Jesus continued to love them. Coleridge besides has the Mariner hang the millstone around his cervix like a rood. The ââ¬Å"crossbowâ⬠used to kill the millstone symbolizes the ââ¬Å"crossâ⬠on which Jesus was nailed. Coleridge uses the millstone to typify Christ and the Mariner is the illustration of adult male losing religion and fighting to recover his religion in God. Coleridge uses the millstone as an illustration of a Jesus in the same manner that Swift uses Pedro de Mendez as a Jesus to Gulliver. # 8220 ; Gulliver # 8217 ; s Travels # 8221 ; , written by Swift, shows us that adult male is of course inclined toward immorality, yet his ain ground can convey him to a cognition of moral truth. The connexion of the 4th ocean trip to this theory is obvious. The Yahoos typify adult male as the hopeless evildoer. The Houyhnhnms symbolize adult male, directed by ground, into the way of righteousness and God. Gulliver tries to go a Houyhnhnm but they can non ground that he has the ability to be the same. Gulliver doesn # 8217 ; t recognize that ground International Relations and Security Network # 8217 ; t the lone manner to God until he meets Pedro de Mendez. Mendezrepresents Jesus in that he saves Gulliver and takes him in to feed, clothe, and supply a topographic point for Gulliver toremainder. Mendez treats Gulliver as an equal even though Gulliver treats Mendez as a lesser Yokel, as Christ loved all even those who betrayed Him. Swift shows how Gulliver inquiries and attempts to understand Christ merely like Blake shows the kid seeking to understand Christ. In all three narratives there is a individual who inquiries faith and a figure that tries to convey visible radiation to this inquiry of religion.These three authors all portion a common job with a major character and happen an reply to that job in their Christian belief of Christ # 8217 ; s being and love. Blake uses the kid to oppugn his Godhead and the lamb to stand for Christ. The lamb replies by stating the kid that their land is that of God. Coleridge shows how adult male inquiries God # 8217 ; s land and destroys it but how Christ still saves adult male from rolling from the way that leads us to His land.Fleet uses Gulliver to demo how adult male inquiries faith but so uses Mendez to stand for Christ who believes in religion. All three writers write from really Christian positions and demo how Christ is present in all people # 8217 ; s lives. They show us that the image of Christ can be seen in many thingsand that Christ directs us to faith. These authors use the symbolism of Christ in many different parts of nature, to demo that He represents all that Christians believe.
Wednesday, November 20, 2019
Economic Decisions Made by Business Interests Research Proposal
Economic Decisions Made by Business Interests - Research Proposal Example However, this is a tool to help the society together. The skills of learning how to run a business and how to sell products are an asset that the women can use in any form at any time. This helps them develop skills that they never had, therefore improving the level of education already. Secondly, due to the business, the standard of life improves when women run a business. They are able to double their monthly household income, which automatically helps. Thirdly they are able to reduce child labor and keep their children in school for longer. Due to this the education level increases and this will automatically help in increasing the literacy rate. If these assets of training would only help in achieving one thing, selling than this wouldnââ¬â¢t be counted as a tool. However, this helps improves the standard of living and increases the literacy level. Therefore increasing the betterment of Indian life overall. Any decision made by will always affect the society if it is a helpful decision it can be referred to as a tool to better the society.
Tuesday, November 19, 2019
Engineering Ethics Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 1
Engineering Ethics - Essay Example Today, France generates about 70% of its electricity with an array of nuclear plants that come in only three sizes: small, medium, and large. In fact, their plants make so much electricity that France is the largest net exporter of electric power in the world. And modular, standardized construction practices are a large part of why the French nuclear effort has been such a successâ⬠(Kayde, 2011). Modular practices make it harder to produce dual-use materials or turn waste into weaponry. France's engineers created a moral result through engineering. Is smart nuclear power ethical? Some people think it isn't, no matter how smart. But it seems to really stretch believability that nuclear power is always by definition a bad thing. Is it really worse than coal? Is it so much worse that there is never a reason to use it over coal? Engineers working on smarter nuclear solutions is moral even when many activists are opposed to nuclear power as a matter of course. But there is another p oint to make. Morality must always be adjudicated based not just on consequences but on the innate character of the acts and the virtues of the person involved. One problem with consequentialist, utilitarian perspectives is that they tend to allow people to justify flawed solution A over B without ever trying to think of good solution C, something deontological ethics prevents by favoring the status quo.
Saturday, November 16, 2019
Exploring How Selections from The Best American Essays Essay Example for Free
Exploring How Selections from The Best American Essays Essay The selection of essays contained in The Best American Essays which highlight painful truths and confront undesirable social realities do not only paint a clear picture of the imperfect world we live in, but also serve as catalysts for change that we may be sorely in need of. The relevant knowledge conveyed by the essayists provide more than catharsis or a cleansing or anxiety-relieving purging effect. They have huge potential to elicit concrete ethical responses, notably new attitudes and mindsets that will eventually shape future action. The latter depends greatly, though, on how closely the readers identify with the painful truths or social realities contained in the literary pieces. Nonetheless, the superbly written essays merit close scrutiny or perusal, which should be enough, ideally, to jolt people to action. Exploring How Selections from The Best American Essays Can be Catalysts for Change Where does learning end and action begin? Can knowledge spur action? Mulling over the hard facts, undesirable societal realities or painful truths expressed in beautiful fluid prose by literary talents in insightful essays contained in The Best American Essays edited by David Foster Wallace, one question comes to mind: are the masterfully written pieces capable of spurring people to action? Offhand, the answer points to a resounding yes. Literary masterpieces, particularly the essays under study, have an immense potential to serve as catalysts for change. Any standstill or hindrance, however, for works of literature to elevate humankind in terms of heightened awareness and positive behavioral changes, may depend a great on the values and predispositions that the current crop of readers may have. It is a known fact that we, as humans, cannot escape pain as we go about our day-to-day lives. Just about everyone can identify with pain, but the natural tendency of the average person is to crawl into his comfort zone and not to ponder on negative or painful realities, much less do something about what they may have read. The painful truths, usually in the form of trying individual circumstances or clear societal harms, expressed by the most gifted writer in the most riveting prose may not always warrant the desired ethical response. The sad reality is, complacent people who glean useful insights from reading about painful truths expressed in clear and incisive essays may not budge, even if the ideas may stick around in the recesses of their minds for some time. Each person will also be relying on his own perception of truth, and this perception will most likely guide his future action. On the other hand, there are also those individuals who are inclined to strive to make life generally better, both for themselves and society-at-large. This latter breed of people brings to mind ancient Confucian teaching on doing the right thing at the right time. By following the dictum of choosing to do what is right and moral over ones self-centered interests, people who adopt a new way of thinking or do something about a vexing social truth expressed, for instance, in an essay like ââ¬Å"What Should a Billionaire Give ââ¬â and What Should You? By Peter Singer (Wallace, 2007, p. 266), make the writerââ¬â¢s efforts worthwhile. The sense of enlightenment, followed by change in oneââ¬â¢s mode of thinking created by a well-written essay makes every ounce of investigative effort poured into it well worth it. There are also certain essays in the collection that highlight idiosyncrasies, or peculiar habits and traits, such as the piece about people with stage fright, or another dealing with the apex of sex childhood, or even the youth-oriented essay about a cellular phone ring tone that drifts into a discourse about adultsââ¬â¢ tendencies as they age. They not only amuse and inform but also lead readers to adopt new ways of thinking and behaving. There are other clear-cut examples of works included in the collection that forcefully makes the case for a controversial issue that may spur action, notably ââ¬Å"Loadedâ⬠by Garret Keizer, who explosively says, ââ¬Å"I hope that I shall never have to confront anyone with my gun, but owning a gun has forced me to confront myselfâ⬠(Wallace, 2007, p. 137) and ââ¬Å"Rules of Engagementâ⬠by Elaine Scarry, who opined that ââ¬Å"every act that carries us into neo-absolutist territory burs our visionâ⬠¦ and puts us at ever-accelerating risk of carrying out moral harms (such as the use of nuclear weapons) from which we may not soon recoverâ⬠(Scarry, 2006, para. 12). There are likewise lighter topics explored in essays in the collection, such as ââ¬Å"What the Dog Sawâ⬠by Malcolm Gladwell that focuses on how an egocentric person may not be emulated, while prescribing better ways of dealing with those around us. The various other essays, whether they serve as an earnest appeal for action or as subtle vehicles for behavioral change, providing stern warnings of things to come, derive much of their strength on the fact that what is presented is a shared experience, most of them culled from real-life circumstances and developments, forming painful realities that people must contend with. They may reflect hard truths about societyââ¬â¢s past intermingling with the present, or they may point to the future, but the single thread running through the selected essays in The Best American Essays that the writers may want to put across is that their readers can do something about the painful truths or hard-to-bear facts presented therein. In essence, the essays under study embody a form of literature that ââ¬Å"represents much more than a pristine chronicle of a particular time and placeâ⬠¦As a flexible medium, literature (like the essays) allows the author to manipulate modalities of past and future, real and unreal to alter patterns of perceptionâ⬠¦ Analysis of these models can shed light on the events which actually took place, and on the scope of possibility for alternative outcomes (Werbach, 1991, Introduction section, para. 1). Thus, when people learn painful truths about themselves or society-at-large, how they act depends, to a large extent, on where their beliefs and principles are anchored, not to mention the resources at their disposal, which still does not negate the fact that great works of literature can be catalysts for change. References Wallace, D. (Ed. ). (2007). The best American essays. Boston: Houghton Mifflin Company. Werbach, K. D. (1991). Literary models for alternative social development in Russia. Retrieved May 7, 2008, from http://werbach. com/stuff/thesis. html Scarry, E. (2006). Rules of engagement. Boston Review. Retrieved May 7, 2008, from http://bostonreview. net/BR31. 6/scarry. php
Thursday, November 14, 2019
Jonathan Swifts Gullivers Travels Essay -- essays research papers
Although Gulliver's Travels by Jonathan Swift has long been thought of as a children's story, it is actually a dark satire on the fallacies of human nature. The four parts of the book are arranged in a planned sequence, to show Gulliver's optimism and lack of shame with the Lilliputians, decaying into his shame and disgust with humans when he is in the land of the Houyhnhmns. The Brobdingnagians are more hospitable than the Lilliputians, but Gulliver's attitude towards them is more disgusted and bitter. Gulliver's tone becomes even more critical of the introspective people of Laputa and Lagado, and in Glubbdubdrib he learns the truth about modern man. Gulliver finds the Luggnuggians to be a "polite and generous people" (III, 177), until he learns that the Struldbruggs' immortality is a curse rather than a blessing. Throughout the course of Gulliverââ¬â¢s Travels, Gulliverââ¬â¢s encounters with each culture signify a progression from benevolence towards man to misanthr opy, resulting in Gulliver's final insanity. In the first part of the book, Gulliver arrives on a strange island and wakes up tied to the ground by a culture of six-inch tall Lilliputians. Gulliver is amazed by the skill of the Lilliputians in handling him, but he is offended by their disrespect: ââ¬Å"â⬠¦in my Thoughts I could not sufficiently wonder at the Intrepidity of these diminutive Mortals, who durst venture to mount and walk on my Body, while one of my Hands was at Liberty, without trembling at the very Sight of so prodigious a Creature as I must appear to themâ⬠(I, 8). However, Gulliver complies with every inconvenience that the Lilliputians bestow on him, because he allows them to take him prisoner even though he could destroy them with one stomp. It is rather amusing that Gulliver surrenders to these tiny people so quickly: ââ¬Å"â⬠¦when I felt the Smart of their Arrows upon my Face and Handsâ⬠¦I gave Tokens to let them know that they might do with me what they pleasedâ⬠(I, 9). They also tie Gulliver up as if he were a dog, and search his pockets in order to confiscate any weapons, among numerous other actions in which Gulliver placidly succumbs. No matter how respectful Gulliver is, however, it is negated by his lack of shame. By urinating on the queenââ¬â¢s palace to put out a fire, he does not realize that he offended the queen immensely, and this is the cause for his impeachment. By making th... ...is own race begins to turn on him ironically when he describes the culture of his native country to the Houyhnhnms. The rational beings conclude that Gulliver really is a Yahoo because the civilized people of Gulliverââ¬â¢s culture are just as corrupt as the less civilized Yahoos. Upon realizing the morose fact that he is indeed a Yahoo dressed up like a civilized man, Gulliverââ¬â¢s psyche collapses and he is transformed into a misanthrope, forever alienated from the rest of society. All four books of Gulliverââ¬â¢s Travels form a rapid descent into the dark nature of man. Swift is satirizing the elements that make men human, from small pettiness to corruptness and greed. When a sane man such as Gulliver is exposed to the different aspects of human immorality, Swift shows how these influence his life and the effect, ultimately, is the deterioration of his mind. At the end of the book, Gulliver cannot even look at his family without feeling disgust. Above all, he is disgusted with himself for being a part of such a corrupt race as man. But Gulliver is ââ¬Å"an honest Man, and a good Sailor, but a little too positive in his own Opinions, which was the Cause of his Destructionâ⬠(IV, 191).
Subscribe to:
Posts (Atom)